Gum disease involves the inflammation of the gums. It is caused by the build-up of bacterial plaque in the mouth, which leads to an inflammation of the gums, known as gingivitis. If it is not treated, the inflammation can spread to the bone and other structures supporting the teeth leading to periodontitis. 

Various causes include:

• Poor oral hygiene causes the build-up of bacteria on the teeth in the form of plaque and tartar. Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth, and tartar is a hard deposit of plaque that has hardened and calcified on the teeth. Plaque and tartar can irritate the gums and cause them to become inflamed, a condition known as gingivitis. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more serious form of gum disease.
• Smoking or chewing tobacco.
• Misaligned or crooked teeth.
• Use of certain medications like oral contraceptives, and antiepileptic drugs.
• Genetics.
• Underlying diseases like diabetes or heart disease

Signs and symptoms of gingivitis are:

• Bleeding from the gums while brushing your teeth.
• Swollen gums
• Bright red or purple gums
• Gums that are tender or painful to the touch
• Bad breath

Gingivitis if left untreated may turn into periodontitis, a more serious form of gum disease.

Signs and symptoms of periodontitis are:

• Increased bleeding from the gums, which may be provoked by tooth-brushing or eating, or may even be spontaneous.
• Bad breath.
• Changes in the positioning of the teeth in the jaws.
• Teeth appear longer due to receded gums.
• Teeth sensitivity.
• Infection of the gums.
• Pus between the gums and teeth.
• Pain from the gums. 

If gum disease is not treated, it can progress to periodontitis, a more serious form of gum disease. Periodontitis can cause the gums to recede and the bone supporting the teeth to be destroyed, leading to tooth loss.  Therefore, it is important to seek treatment for gum disease as soon as possible to prevent these complications.

The treatment options for gum disease will depend on the severity of the disease and the specific needs of the patient. Some common treatments for gum disease include:

Scaling and root planning: This procedure involves cleaning the teeth below the gumline and smoothing the root surfaces to remove bacteria and plaque.

Antibiotics: Antibiotics may be prescribed to kill bacteria and reduce inflammation.

Surgery: In advanced cases of gum disease, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged tissue.

To prevent gum disease, it is important to:

• Brush your teeth twice a day.
• Floss daily to remove plaque and food particles from between the teeth
• Use mouthwash to kill bacteria and freshen breath
• Visit the dentist regularly for check-ups and cleanings
• Avoid smoking or using tobacco products.
• Maintain good oral hygiene.
• Follow the instructions given by the dentist to maintain oral hygiene.

By following these simple steps and maintaining good oral hygiene habits, you can help prevent gum disease and keep your gums healthy.